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The Anzac spirit or Anzac legend is a concept which suggests that Australian and New Zealand soldiers possess shared characteristics, specifically the qualities those soldiers allegedly exemplified on the battlefields of World War I.〔( "'ANZAC Day' in London; King,and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey," ) ''New York Times.'' 26 April 1916.〕 These qualities cluster around six ideas: endurance, courage, ingenuity, good humour, larrikinism, and mateship. According to this concept, the soldiers are perceived to have been innocent and fit, stoical and laconic, irreverent in the face of authority, naturally egalitarian and disdainful of British class differences.〔Robert Manne, (The war myth that made us, ''The Age'', 25 April 2007 )〕 The Anzac spirit also tends to capture the idea of an Australian and New Zealand "national character", with the Gallipoli Campaign sometimes described as the moment of birth of the nationhood both of Australia〔 and of New Zealand.〔(Andrew Leach, ''The Myth of the Nation'' )〕〔(Why is Anzac Day so special? NZ History On Line )〕〔(Baris Askin, The Troy Guide )〕 The concept was first expressed in the reporting of the landing at Anzac Cove by Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett; as well as later on and much more extensively by Charles Bean. It is regarded as an Australian legend, although its critics refer to it as the ''Anzac myth''.〔〔 Tony Smith, (Conscripting the Anzac myth to silence dissent ), ''Australian Review of Public Affairs'', 11 September 2006. 〕〔 Ben Knight, (Breaking through our Gallipoli 'myth', ''ABC news'', 2 November 2008 ) 〕〔 Matt McDonald, ('Lest We Forget': Invoking the Anzac myth and the memory of sacrifice in Australian military intervention ), Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association's 50th Annual Convention "Exploring the Past, Anticipating the Future", New York Marriott Marquis, New York City, NY, USA, 15 February 2009. 〕〔 Graham Seal, ''Inventing Anzac: The Digger and National Mythology'', St Lucia: API Network and UQP, 2004. 〕 ==Historical development of the concept== The British war correspondent Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett provided the first reports of the landing at Anzac Cove by the newly formed Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC). His report was published in Australia on 8 May 1915: ''They waited neither for orders nor for the boats to reach the beach, but, springing out into the sea, they waded ashore, and, forming some sort of rough line, rushed straight on the flashes of the enemy's rifles.'' Ashmead-Bartlett's account of the soldiers was unashamedly heroic: ''There has been no finer feat in this war than this sudden landing in the dark and the storming of the heights... General Birdwood told the writer that he couldn't sufficiently praise the courage, endurance and the soldierly qualities of the Colonials (The Australians) were happy because they had been tried for the first time and not found wanting.''〔 Also in 1915, in response to the reporting of the efforts of the great Australian troops, the Australian poet Banjo Paterson wrote "''We're All Australians Now''", including the verse: ''The mettle that a race can show'' The Anzac spirit was particularly popularised by Charles Bean, Australia's official war historian. Bean encapsulated the meaning of Anzac in his publication ''Anzac to Amiens'': ''Anzac stood, and still stands, for reckless valor in a good cause, for enterprise, resourcefulness, fidelity, comradeship, and endurance that will never own defeat.''〔National Library of Australia, ("Charles Edwin Woodrow Bean" )〕 For the soldiers at Battle of Gallipoli, Bean argued, life would not have been worth living if they had betrayed the ideal of mateship.〔 Despite the loss at Gallipoli, Australian and New Zealand soldiers were seen to have displayed great courage, endurance, initiative and discipline. The stereotype developed that the Anzac rejected unnecessary restrictions, possessed a sardonic sense of humour, was contemptuous of danger, and proved himself the equal of anyone on the battlefield. 1958 saw the publication of Russel Ward's ''The Australian Legend''. Promoting the egalitarianism of the Australian bush and its permutation into the Anzac soldiers as the Australian Legend, it soon became a landmark book in Australian historical writing.〔John Arnold, ("Australian History in Print: a bibliographical survey of influential twentieth-century texts" ), National Inquiry into School History, Government of Australia〕 During the 1960s and 1970s, due to lack of observance of Anzac Day in general society, the idea of a unique Anzac spirit began to fade. Especially among baby boomers, interest in Anzac Day reached its lowest point in the aftermath of the anti-war demonstrations over Australian involvement in the Vietnam War.〔(The Anzac Spirit, ''The Australian'', 25 April 2006 )〕 A resurgence in popular commemoration of Anzac Day in the 1980s (possibly linked to the release of the film ''Gallipoli'') brought the idea of an Anzac spirit back into prominence in Australian political discourse. There has been an increase in people, especially youth, attending Anzac Day Dawn Services in Australia and New Zealand,〔Anne-Marie Hede and John Hall, "Anzac Day and Australian nationalism: assessing the marketing lifecycle of this cultural phenomenon", Deakin University: www.deakin.edu.au/research/stories/hede/anzac-vietnam.doc〕 where the Anzac spirit is often invoked.〔("Thousands mark Anzac Day at Gallipoli" ), ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 25 April 2007〕 The modern definition of the Anzac spirit relates not just to Australians and New Zealanders, but to the Turks also. It is felt the Turks shared this sense of mateship forged in honourable battle. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anzac spirit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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